The fish

A 350–450 mm soft-bodied biomimetic swimmer, mass 600–900 g wet, with a swappable microbial fuel cell stack as its body cavity. The pollutant is the fuel.

Form factor

Spec Value
Length 350–450 mm (carangiform / thunniform)
Mass 600–900 g wet
Body cavity ~250 mL total
Gut cartridge ~80 mL
Battery + supercap ~40 mL (5–10 Wh Li-ion buffer)
Electronics + sensors ~30 mL
Actuator + propulsion ~50 mL
Hull skin Silicone elastomer (Ecoflex / Dragon Skin)
Internal frame PETG or PLA-PHA (biodegradable in marine env)

Two chassis variants

shoal-chassis-A — thunniform. Cable-driven brushed DC tail. Top speed ~0.5–0.8 m/s, average draw 1–2 W at cruise. Use for fast deployment and large-area survey. Forked from OpenFish and the FISHR expansion.

shoal-chassis-B — bistable. Carbon-fiber hair-clip mechanism (CarbonFish derivative). 5–10 Hz undulation from a single low-power actuator. Top speed ~0.3–0.5 m/s, average draw 0.05–0.2 W. Use for slow forage and energy-positive cruising. The default for foraging missions.

Power profile

Mode Draw Notes
Sleep < 100 µW IMU + MFC monitor wake-on-event
Cruise ~10 mW CGRA running CPG, sensors low rate
Forage ~30 mW PIM running plume policy, all sensors
Comm burst 200–500 mW for 1–30 s Acoustic transmit / optical at dock

The fish is primarily MFC-powered. The Li-ion is a buffer; the supercap absorbs actuator surges. See Architecture §2.6 for the full power tree.

Sensor suite

Always-on (~5 mW total): 9-DoF IMU, pressure, temperature, MFC monitor, bilateral lateral-line MEMS pressure array.

Event-triggered (~50–200 mW when active): bilateral electrochemistry pair (DO, ORP, pH, conductivity), optical absorbance / fluorescence, CMOS camera with blue-green LED, hydrophone.

Cartridge-specific sensors are added by the active gut cartridge — see the cartridges page.

Deeper

Architecture §2: The fish — full subsystem spec


shoal is open source. Hardware: CERN-OHL-S 2.0. Software: Apache 2.0. Docs and data: CC-BY-SA 4.0. Datasets: CC0 1.0.

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