Joule Language Reference

The formal specification of Joule's syntax and semantics.

Contents

• Types -- Primitive types, compound types, union types, generics, type inference
• Expressions -- Operators, pipe operator, literals, control flow, closures
• Items -- Functions, structs, enums, traits, impls, modules, const fn, comptime
• Patterns -- Pattern matching: or patterns, range patterns, guard clauses
• Attributes -- Energy budgets, #[test], #[bench], thermal awareness, derive macros
• Memory -- Ownership, borrowing, references, lifetimes
• Concurrency -- Async/await, spawn, bounded channels, task groups, parallel for, supervisors
• Energy -- Energy system formal specification with accelerator support

Notation

In syntax descriptions:

• monospace indicates literal syntax
• italics indicate a syntactic category (e.g., expression, type)
• [ ] indicates optional elements
• { } indicates zero or more repetitions
• | separates alternatives