Cross-cut: tattoo-electronic

Axis: form_factor

10 corpus entries disclose this tag.

Earliest disclosure: 1967

Listed in chronological order. Each entry’s prior_art_notes and disclosure_citation constitute the citeable prior art material.

Logan’s Run ‘Lifeclock’ palm crystal (1967)

  • id: logans-run-lifeclock
  • corpus: fictional
  • form factor: implantable
  • creator: William F. Nolan and George Clayton Johnson
  • disclosure: Nolan, William F.; Johnson, George Clayton. Logan’s Run. Dial Press, 1967 — the palm-embedded crystal that changes color as the bearer approaches the mandated termination age. (Film: MGM, 1976, with the palm ‘Lifeclock’.)
  • ip status: fictional

  • prior art notes: Discloses a body-embedded, color-coded status display readable directly off the skin — a sub-dermal indicator that changes hue to communicate a tracked state variable. Relevant to (a) implantable/epidermal display claims and (b) color-mapped wearable status-indicator claims (the now-common green/amber/red ‘zone’ UI on fitness wearables). Non-enabling; § 103 motivation that a body-worn color-state display was an articulated concept by 1967. Note: the crystal is a countdown timer, not a sensor — value is the display+colormap element, not measurement.

  • Venom symbiote — adaptive symbiotic worn covering responsive to wearer state (1984-05) — venom-symbiote-suit [fictional] — The Amazing Spider-Man #252 (cover date May 1984), Marvel Comics, introducing the alien ‘black costume’ later revealed as a symbiote (named Venom in The Amazing Spider-Man #300, 1988); a living coveri…
  • Idiocracy machine-readable barcode identity tattoo (2006-09-01) — idiocracy-barcode-identity-tattoo [fictional] — Idiocracy (20th Century Fox), released September 1, 2006; citizens bear a barcode tattoo on the body that is scanned at points of sale, hospitals, and checkpoints to retrieve identity and records.

    Kim et al. (Rogers group) (2011) — ‘Epidermal Electronics’ (electronic-tattoo skin-mounted devices) (2011-08-12)

  • id: kim-rogers-2011-epidermal-electronics
  • corpus: academic
  • form factor: tattoo-electronic
  • creator: Dae-Hyeong Kim et al. / John A. Rogers group (Illinois)
  • disclosure: Kim D-H, Lu N, Ma R, Kim Y-S, Kim R-H, Wang S, et al. (Rogers JA). ‘Epidermal Electronics.’ Science 2011;333(6044):838-843.
  • ip status: public-domain
  • sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-emg, sensor-eeg, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-strain-gauge
  • prior art notes: Discloses ultrathin, skin-conformal (‘epidermal’) electronic devices laminated directly onto the skin like a temporary tattoo, integrating electrodes, sensors (ECG, EMG, EEG, temperature, strain), interconnects, and even wireless components, mechanically matched to the skin so they move with it. The foundational disclosure of the ‘electronic skin / electronic tattoo’ form factor. Any claim reciting ‘an ultrathin stretchable electronic device conformally mounted on the skin’ for physiological sensing reads on Kim/Rogers 2011. Anchor for the tattoo-electronic form-factor cross-cut on the real side.

Total Recall (2012) — subdermal palm phone with through-skin display (2012-08-03)

  • id: total-recall-2012-palm-phone
  • corpus: fictional
  • form factor: implantable
  • creator: Len Wiseman / Columbia Pictures
  • disclosure: Total Recall (Columbia Pictures), released August 3, 2012; a telephone implanted in the wearer’s hand — dial pad and display visible through the skin of the palm, speaker/microphone in the hand, glass surfaces used as touch interfaces.
  • ip status: fictional
  • sensors: sensor-microphone-air
  • prior art notes: Discloses a subdermally-implanted electronic device with a display rendered so as to be visible through the overlying skin, touch input on the skin surface, and audio I/O — i.e. an epidermal/sub-dermal communicator in the hand. Relevant to implantable / electronic-skin claims combining ‘a sub-dermal electronic device’, ‘a display perceptible through the skin’, and ‘touch input at the skin surface’. § 103 motivation that the through-skin sub-dermal display device was an articulated objective by 2012. Non-enabling on the display/skin optics; pair with enabling flexible-display and biocompatible-electronics art.

Bandodkar & Wang (2014) — ‘Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors: a review’ (2014-07)

  • id: bandodkar-wang-2014-wearable-electrochemical-sensors-review
  • corpus: academic
  • form factor: other
  • creator: Amay J. Bandodkar / Joseph Wang (UC San Diego)
  • disclosure: Bandodkar AJ, Wang J. ‘Non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors: a review.’ Trends in Biotechnology 2014;32(7):363-371.
  • ip status: public-domain
  • sensors: sensor-lactate, sensor-electrolyte, sensor-ph, sensor-glucose-cgm, sensor-alcohol-transdermal, sensor-uric-acid, sensor-cortisol
  • algorithms: algo-electrolyte-trend, algo-hydration-status
  • prior art notes: Surveys, as of 2014, wearable non-invasive electrochemical biosensors across body fluids and form factors — temporary-tattoo electrodes on the skin (sweat lactate, Na+, ammonium, pH), textile-integrated sensors, mouthguard (saliva) sensors, contact-lens (tear glucose) sensors, and the transdermal/interstitial route — including the sampling, transduction, and on-body electronics issues. Prior art for wearable-electrochemical-sensing claims reciting any of the analyte/form-factor combinations collected here; the approaches were published by 2014. General anchor for the electrochemical wearable cross-cuts.

Bandodkar et al. (2015) — tattoo-based noninvasive glucose monitoring (2014-12-12)

  • id: bandodkar-2015-tattoo-glucose-sensor
  • corpus: academic
  • form factor: tattoo-electronic
  • creator: Amay J. Bandodkar / Joseph Wang group (UC San Diego)
  • disclosure: Bandodkar AJ, Jia W, Yardımcı C, Wang X, Ramirez J, Wang J. ‘Tattoo-based noninvasive glucose monitoring: a proof-of-concept study.’ Analytical Chemistry 2015;87(1):394-398.
  • ip status: public-domain
  • sensors: sensor-glucose-cgm
  • algorithms: algo-glucose-noninvasive
  • prior art notes: Discloses a temporary-tattoo-format epidermal device that uses reverse iontophoresis to extract interstitial fluid through the skin and amperometric enzyme electrodes to measure glucose in it, demonstrating noninvasive transdermal glucose monitoring without a needle. Anticipates noninvasive-CGM claims combining ‘a skin-mounted tattoo/epidermal patch’, ‘iontophoretic extraction of interstitial fluid’, and ‘electrochemical glucose measurement at the skin surface’ from 2015. Anchor for the tattoo-electronic × glucose-CGM cross-cut on the real side; relevant to [[koh-rogers-2016-soft-microfluidic-sweat-device]] and the broader [[bandodkar-wang-2014-wearable-electrochemical-sensors-review]].

Koh et al. (Rogers group) (2016) — soft wearable microfluidic device for sweat capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing (2016-11-23)

  • id: koh-rogers-2016-soft-microfluidic-sweat-device
  • corpus: academic
  • form factor: patch
  • creator: Ahyeon Koh et al. / John A. Rogers group (Northwestern)
  • disclosure: Koh A, Kang D, Xue Y, Lee S, Pielak RM, Kim J, et al. (Rogers JA). ‘A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat.’ Science Translational Medicine 2016;8(366):366ra165.
  • ip status: public-domain
  • sensors: sensor-microfluidic-sweat-collection, sensor-sweat-rate, sensor-ph, sensor-lactate, sensor-electrolyte, sensor-glucose-cgm
  • algorithms: algo-hydration-status, algo-electrolyte-trend
  • prior art notes: Discloses a soft, skin-mounted microfluidic ‘sticker’ that wicks sweat from the skin into a network of microchannels and reservoirs, measures sweat rate and total sweat loss, and performs colorimetric assays (pH, chloride, lactate, glucose) read out by eye or smartphone camera. Any wearable claim reciting ‘a skin-mounted patch with microfluidic channels collecting perspiration’ combined with ‘rate measurement’ and/or ‘colorimetric or electrochemical analysis of constituents’ reads on Koh/Rogers 2016. Anchor for the patch × microfluidic-sweat-collection cross-cut on the real side; [[dune-stillsuit]] (1965) is the fictional antecedent.

Heikenfeld et al. (2018) — ‘Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects’ (2018-01-16)

  • id: heikenfeld-2018-wearable-sensors-lab-on-chip-review
  • corpus: academic
  • form factor: other
  • creator: Jason Heikenfeld et al.
  • disclosure: Heikenfeld J, Jajack A, Rogers J, Gutruf P, Tian L, Pan T, Li R, Khine M, Kim J, Wang J, Kim J. ‘Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects.’ Lab on a Chip 2018;18(2):217-248.
  • ip status: public-domain
  • sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-ecg, sensor-eeg, sensor-glucose-cgm, sensor-lactate, sensor-cortisol, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-bioimpedance
  • prior art notes: Authoritative 2018 review collecting wearable sensing across modalities — physical (motion, BCG/SCG, mechanoacoustic), electrophysiological (ECG/EMG/EEG), optical (PPG/SpO2, near-IR), thermal, electrochemical (sweat, saliva, tears, interstitial), and stimulation-coupled — across form factors (patch, watch, tattoo, contact lens, garment) and the challenges of body-fluid sampling, calibration, motion-artifact handling, and skin-electronics interfacing. Prior art establishing that the modality/form-factor combinations enumerated here were collected and surveyed by 2018; useful against later claims to those combinations. General anchor.

Black Mirror ‘Striking Vipers’ — minimal-form temple disc for full-immersion VR (2019-06-05)

  • id: black-mirror-striking-vipers-temple-disc
  • corpus: fictional
  • form factor: headband
  • creator: Charlie Brooker / House of Tomorrow
  • disclosure: Black Mirror, ‘Striking Vipers’ (Netflix, 5 June 2019); a small adhesive disc placed on the temple provides full-sensory, full-immersion virtual reality with another networked user, with no headset.
  • ip status: fictional
  • prior art notes: Discloses a coin-sized temple-mounted device delivering full-sensory, networked, multi-user immersive VR without a headset or goggles. Relevant to minimal-form-factor neural-VR claims combining ‘a small scalp-applied transducer’, ‘bidirectional sensory I/O’, and ‘a networked shared virtual environment’. § 103 motivation that the headset-free VR transducer was an articulated objective by 2019. Cf. [[ready-player-one-haptic-suit]], [[sao-nervegear]].

Public domain (CC0 1.0). The corpus IS the prior art commons.

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