Intersection cross-cut: sensor-ppg ∩ algo-arrhythmia-classification

Axes: sensors × algorithms

4 corpus entries disclose both tags.

Earliest disclosure: 2010-01

These entries are the direct inputs to OBVIOUSNESS_TEMPLATE.md. Any patent claim combining these two elements is anticipated or rendered obvious by the chain below.

---

Pantelopoulos & Bourbakis (2010) — survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis (2010-01)

• id: pantelopoulos-bourbakis-2010-wearable-health-survey
• corpus: academic
• form factor: other
• creator: Alexandros Pantelopoulos / Nikolaos G. Bourbakis
• disclosure: Pantelopoulos A, Bourbakis NG. ‘A survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis.’ IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 2010;40(1):1-12.
• ip status: public-domain
• sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-respiration-impedance
• algorithms: algo-hr, algo-arrhythmia-classification, algo-spo2-estimation, algo-fall-detection, algo-activity-classification
• prior art notes: Surveys, as of 2010, the architecture and components of wearable health-monitoring systems — sensors (ECG, PPG, SpO2, accelerometry, temperature, respiration), garment- and patch- and watch-based form factors, on-body processing, wireless body-area networking, and the analytics (arrhythmia, fall, activity, deterioration prediction). Prior art establishing that the general ‘multi-sensor wearable + body-area network + cloud analytics’ system architecture and its building blocks were collected and published by 2010 — useful against later claims to the bare system architecture. General anchor.

Apple Watch Series 4 (2018) — wrist single-lead ECG and PPG-based irregular-rhythm notification (2018-09-12)

• id: apple-watch-series4-ecg-2018
• corpus: private
• form factor: watch
• creator: Apple Inc.
• disclosure: Apple Inc. ‘Apple Watch Series 4’, announced 12 September 2018 (ECG app and irregular rhythm notification feature enabled later in 2018) — a wristworn device taking a single-lead (Lead I) ECG between a back-crystal electrode and a Digital Crown electrode touched by the opposite hand, with on-device AF/sinus classification, plus a PPG-based irregular-rhythm (possible-AF) notification algorithm. FDA cleared via De Novo (ECG app: DEN180044; irregular rhythm notification: DEN180042).
• ip status: patented
• sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-ppg
• algorithms: algo-afib-detection, algo-arrhythmia-classification, algo-hr
• prior art notes: Discloses a wristworn device that records a single-lead ECG between a watch-back electrode and a crown electrode touched by the contralateral hand, classifies the rhythm (AF vs. sinus) on-device, and separately runs a PPG-based background algorithm flagging possible atrial fibrillation. Anticipates wristworn-ECG and watch-AF-detection claims postdating September 2018; the underlying single-lead ECG and PPG-rhythm-screening techniques are much older ([[einthoven-1903-string-galvanometer-ecg]], [[holter-1961-ambulatory-ecg]], [[allen-2007-ppg-review]], [[ieee-11073-10406-basic-ecg-2011]]). Product-side anchor for the watch × ECG and watch × PPG × AF-detection cross-cuts.

Withings ScanWatch (2020) — hybrid analog watch with PPG, SpO2 pulse oximetry, single-lead ECG, and accelerometer (2020-01-05)

• id: withings-scanwatch-2020
• corpus: private
• form factor: watch
• creator: Withings SA
• disclosure: Withings (Nokia/Withings). ‘ScanWatch’, announced January 2020 (CE-marked 2020; FDA cleared 2022) — a hybrid analog wristwatch integrating a reflectance-PPG sensor (heart rate, irregular-rhythm screening), an SpO2 (pulse-oximetry) measurement, a single-lead ECG (back electrode plus a bezel electrode touched by the opposite hand, with AF detection), a 3-axis accelerometer, and an altimeter — with sleep and activity tracking.
• ip status: patented
• sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-ecg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-barometer
• algorithms: algo-hr, algo-spo2-estimation, algo-afib-detection, algo-arrhythmia-classification, algo-sleep-staging, algo-step-count, algo-respiratory-rate
• prior art notes: Discloses a wristwatch combining reflectance-PPG heart rate, pulse-oximetry SpO2, a single-lead ECG with AF detection, accelerometry, and an altimeter, with sleep-apnea screening (from the SpO2/respiration signals) — multiple regulated cardiorespiratory measurements in one consumer watch. Anticipates multi-modal medical-smartwatch claims reciting combinations of wrist PPG-HR + wrist SpO2 + single-lead ECG from 2020. Product-side anchor for the watch × {PPG, SpO2, ECG} multi-sensor cross-cut.

Samsung Galaxy Watch3 / Samsung Health Monitor (2020) — wrist single-lead ECG and optical-PPG cuffless blood pressure (2020-08)

• id: samsung-galaxy-watch-bp-ecg-2020
• corpus: private
• form factor: watch
• creator: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
• disclosure: Samsung Electronics. ‘Samsung Health Monitor’ app on Galaxy Watch3 / Watch Active2, 2020 — wrist single-lead ECG (between a back-crystal electrode and a side-button electrode touched by the opposite hand, with AF/sinus classification) and a cuffless blood-pressure feature using the optical (PPG) pulse-wave signal calibrated against a periodic conventional cuff reading. (Cleared in Korea 2020; subsequently in other markets.)
• ip status: patented
• sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-ppg, sensor-cuffless-bp-ptt
• algorithms: algo-afib-detection, algo-arrhythmia-classification, algo-pwv-bp-estimation, algo-hr
• prior art notes: Discloses a wristworn device that takes a single-lead ECG with on-device AF classification and, separately, estimates blood pressure from the wrist optical-PPG pulse waveform after calibration against a periodic conventional cuff measurement (a calibrated-cuffless approach). Anticipates wrist-cuffless-BP claims reciting ‘estimating blood pressure from a wrist photoplethysmography signal calibrated by a reference cuff reading’ from 2020 — the underlying PTT/PWV-BP technique is much older ([[geddes-1981-pulse-transit-time-bp]], [[mukkamala-2015-ptt-cuffless-bp-review]]). Product-side anchor for the watch × cuffless-BP cross-cut.