Cross-cut: `sensor-accelerometer`

Axis: sensors

52 corpus entries disclose this tag.

Earliest disclosure: 1959-10

Listed in chronological order. Each entry’s prior_art_notes and disclosure_citation constitute the citeable prior art material.

Starship Troopers — Mobile Infantry powered armor (powered exoskeleton with HUD, multi-sensor suite, comms, biomonitoring) (1959-10)

id: heinlein-starship-troopers-powered-armor
corpus: fictional
form factor: exoskeleton
creator: Robert A. Heinlein
disclosure: Heinlein, Robert A. Starship Troopers, serialized as ‘Starship Soldier’ in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, October-November 1959 (book edition 1959); the Mobile Infantry powered armor — a fully enclosing powered exoskeleton augmenting strength and mobility, with a HUD/’snoopers’, integrated radar/IR/audio sensors, encrypted comms, climate control, medical/biometric monitoring, and assistive control (‘the suit does part of your thinking for you’).
ip status: fictional
sensors: sensor-camera-ir, sensor-microphone-air, sensor-accelerometer
prior art notes: Discloses a fully enclosing powered exoskeleton integrating strength/mobility augmentation, a head-up display, a multi-modal sensor suite (radar, IR, audio), encrypted comms, environmental control, wearer biometric monitoring, and assistive autonomy. The foundational powered-armor-with-integrated-sensorium text. Relevant to powered-exoskeleton claims combining ‘a powered body-worn frame’, ‘a HUD’, ‘multiple environmental sensors’, ‘comms’, and ‘monitoring of the wearer’s vital signs’. § 103 motivation as of 1959. Cf. [[halo-mjolnir-armor]], [[crysis-nanosuit]], [[metroid-power-suit]], [[stark-iron-spider-suit]], [[darth-vader-life-support-suit]].

Snow Crash ‘Gargoyle’ wearable computer rig (1992)

id: snow-crash-gargoyle-rig
corpus: fictional
form factor: glasses
creator: Neal Stephenson
disclosure: Stephenson, Neal. Snow Crash. Bantam Books, 1992 — the ‘gargoyles’: people wearing head-mounted display goggles, body-worn computers, and continuous-capture sensors, with voice query and head tracking.
ip status: fictional
sensors: sensor-camera-rgb, sensor-microphone-air, sensor-accelerometer
prior art notes: Discloses an integrated head-worn AR rig: near-eye display goggles + body-worn processor + always-on cameras and microphones + head-tracking, with voice queries against a networked database and continuous capture/upload of the wearer’s surroundings. Relevant to AR-glasses claims combining ‘a near-eye display’, ‘an outward-facing camera’, ‘an inertial sensor for head pose’, ‘a microphone for voice input’, and ‘continuous data capture/transmission’. § 103 motivation that the always-on capture-and-query AR wearable was a concrete objective by 1992. Non-enabling; pair with enabling HMD/SLAM art.

Cole & Kripke et al. (1992) — automatic sleep/wake identification from wrist activity (the Cole-Kripke algorithm) (1992)

id: cole-kripke-1992-wrist-actigraphy-sleep
corpus: academic
form factor: watch
creator: Roger J. Cole / Daniel F. Kripke et al.
disclosure: Cole RJ, Kripke DF, Gruen W, Mullaney DJ, Gillin JC. ‘Automatic sleep/wake identification from wrist activity.’ Sleep 1992;15(5):461-469.
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-sleep-staging, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses an algorithm that classifies each epoch as sleep or wake from a wrist-worn activity (accelerometer) recording, validated against polysomnography — i.e. wrist actigraphy as a wearable sleep monitor. Any consumer-wearable claim reciting ‘estimating sleep/wake state from a wrist-worn accelerometer signal’ (the method underlying Fitbit/Jawbone-class sleep tracking) reads on Cole-Kripke 1992. Anchor for the accelerometry sleep-staging cross-cut; combined with the wrist form factor it makes wristworn sleep tracking obvious under [[obviousness-template]].
The Lawnmower Man — VR rig (gyro chair, headset, full-body cybersuit) (1992-03-06) — lawnmower-man-vr-cybersuit [fictional] — The Lawnmower Man (New Line Cinema), released 6 March 1992; a virtual-reality rig comprising a motorized gyroscopic chair, a head-mounted display, and a full-body ‘cybersuit’ that tracks the wearer’s …
Sadeh et al. (1994) — activity-based sleep-wake identification (the Sadeh algorithm) (1994)
id: sadeh-1994-actigraphy-sleep-wake-algorithm
corpus: academic
form factor: watch
creator: Avi Sadeh / Katherine M. Sharkey / Mary A. Carskadon
disclosure: Sadeh A, Sharkey KM, Carskadon MA. ‘Activity-based sleep-wake identification: an empirical test of methodological issues.’ Sleep 1994;17(3):201-207.
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-sleep-staging, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: A second widely-used wrist-actigraphy sleep/wake scoring algorithm, with explicit treatment of the methodological choices (epoch length, scoring window, scaling). Prior art alongside [[cole-kripke-1992-wrist-actigraphy-sleep]] for any wearable claim reciting an actigraphy-based sleep-detection method or its parameters; both were published and validated by 1994.

Williams et al. (1998) — accelerometer-based automatic fall and activity monitor for telecare (1998-10)

id: williams-1998-automatic-fall-detector
corpus: academic
form factor: belt
creator: G. Williams / K. Doughty / K. Cameron / D.A. Bradley
disclosure: Williams G, Doughty K, Cameron K, Bradley DA. ‘A smart fall and activity monitor for telecare applications.’ Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS), Hong Kong, 1998, pp. 1151-1154.
ip status: unknown
sensors: sensor-accelerometer, sensor-piezoelectric
algorithms: algo-fall-detection, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a body-worn (waist/trunk) device that automatically detects a fall from accelerometer/impact signals — distinguishing falls from normal activity — and raises a telecare alarm, without requiring the wearer to press a button. Anticipates automatic-fall-detection wearable claims combining ‘a body-worn inertial sensor’, ‘a classifier distinguishing a fall from activities of daily living’, and ‘an automatic alert on detection’. Anchor for the fall-detection cross-cut; combined with watch/pendant form-factor disclosures, makes wristworn/pendant automatic fall detection obvious under [[obviousness-template]].
Digimon — ‘Digivice’ (worn companion-monitoring device) (1999-03-07) — digimon-digivice [fictional] — Digimon Adventure (Toei animated series, premiered 7 March 1999; derived from the 1997 Tamagotchi-style ‘Digital Monster’ virtual-pet device); a small worn/clipped device with a display that monitors …
MIT wearable ring sensor (Rhee, Yang, Asada) — finger-ring PPG for ambulatory monitoring (2001-07)
id: asada-mit-wearable-ring-sensor-2003
corpus: academic
form factor: ring
creator: Sokwoo Rhee / Boo-Ho Yang / Haruhiko Harry Asada (MIT d’Arbeloff Lab)
disclosure: Rhee S, Yang B-H, Asada HH. ‘Artifact-resistant power-efficient design of finger-ring plethysmographic sensors.’ IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2001;48(7):795-805 (and Asada HH, Shaltis P, Reisner A, Rhee S, Hutchinson RC. ‘Mobile monitoring with wearable photoplethysmographic biosensors.’ IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 2003;22(3):28-40).
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-spo2-estimation
prior art notes: Discloses a finger-ring-form-factor wearable PPG sensor with motion-artifact-resistant optical/mechanical design, low-power operation, on-body processing, and wireless telemetry of heart rate and SpO2 for ambulatory monitoring — i.e. the smart-ring physiological monitor, ~14 years before the commercial smart-ring wave. Directly anticipates ring-form claims combining ‘a ring body’, ‘a PPG emitter/detector at the inner ring surface’, ‘motion-artifact compensation’, and ‘wireless transmission of derived vitals’. Anchor for the ring × PPG cross-cut; [[oura-ring-gen1-2015]] and similar products descend from it.

Halo — MJOLNIR powered armor (powered exoskeleton with energy shield, HUD, integrated AI, and biofoam medical system) (2001-11-15)

id: halo-mjolnir-armor
corpus: fictional
form factor: exoskeleton
creator: Bungie Studios / Microsoft
disclosure: Halo: Combat Evolved (Bungie / Microsoft, released 15 November 2001); the MJOLNIR powered armor — strength/speed augmentation, a regenerating energy shield with a status meter, a HUD (motion tracker, ammunition, shield/health status, waypoints), an integrated companion AI (‘Cortana’) resident in the suit, automatic ‘biofoam’ wound sealing, vacuum/environmental sealing, and a neural interface to the wearer.
ip status: fictional
sensors: sensor-accelerometer
prior art notes: Discloses a powered enclosing suit integrating strength augmentation, a regenerating defensive field with a status indicator, a HUD (motion tracker, resource counters, health/shield meters, navigation waypoints), an on-board companion AI, automatic medical wound-sealing, environmental sealing, and a neural interface. Relevant to powered-armor claims combining ‘a HUD with health/resource/navigation overlays’, ‘an onboard AI assistant’, and ‘an integrated automatic medical-treatment system’. § 103 motivation as of 2001. Cf. [[heinlein-starship-troopers-powered-armor]], [[crysis-nanosuit]], [[stark-iron-spider-suit]].

Garmin Forerunner 201 (2003) — wristworn GPS running watch with pace/distance and heart-rate (strap) integration (2003)

id: garmin-forerunner-201-2003
corpus: private
form factor: watch
creator: Garmin Ltd.
disclosure: Garmin Ltd. ‘Forerunner 101/201’, introduced 2003 — a wrist-worn GPS receiver/watch logging pace, distance, route, and (with a paired chest strap) heart rate, with workout history and a web/PC sync. Later Garmin watches (Fenix/Forerunner with the ‘Elevate’ optical sensor, c. 2015) moved heart rate, and subsequently SpO2 (pulse ox) and respiration, onto the wrist.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-accelerometer, sensor-ecg, sensor-ppg
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count, algo-calorie-estimation, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a wrist-worn GPS sport watch deriving pace, distance, and route, integrating heart rate from a paired electrode chest strap, and syncing workout history to a host — and, in later Garmin models, on-wrist optical-PPG heart rate, SpO2, and respiration. Anticipates GPS-sport-watch claims from 2003 and (for the later models) wrist-optical-vitals claims. Product-side anchor for the watch × GPS-fitness cross-cut.

Ancoli-Israel et al. (2003) — ‘The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms’ (2003-05)

id: ancoli-israel-2003-actigraphy-review
corpus: academic
form factor: watch
creator: Sonia Ancoli-Israel et al. (American Academy of Sleep Medicine review)
disclosure: Ancoli-Israel S, Cole R, Alessi C, Chambers M, Moorcroft W, Pollak CP. ‘The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms.’ Sleep 2003;26(3):342-392.
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-sleep-staging
prior art notes: Authoritative review establishing wrist actigraphy — a wrist-worn accelerometer/activity recorder analyzed by validated algorithms — as an accepted method for estimating sleep parameters and circadian rhythm. Prior art for the proposition that a wrist-worn motion sensor with appropriate scoring yields clinically meaningful sleep metrics; the field, methods, and validation were settled and reviewed by 2003.

Paradiso et al. (2005) — ‘A wearable health care system based on knitted integrated sensors’ (WEALTHY) (2005-09)

id: paradiso-2005-wealthy-knitted-smart-shirt
corpus: academic
form factor: garment
creator: Rita Paradiso / Giannicola Loriga / Nicola Taccini (Smartex / CNR, Italy; EU WEALTHY consortium)
disclosure: Paradiso R, Loriga G, Taccini N. ‘A wearable health care system based on knitted integrated sensors.’ IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 2005;9(3):337-344. (Output of the EU FP5 ‘WEALTHY’ project, 2002-2005.)
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-respiration-impedance, sensor-piezoelectric, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-skin-temperature
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a smart shirt with electrodes and sensors knitted directly into the textile (conductive yarns forming dry ECG electrodes; piezoresistive yarns forming respiration sensors via thoracic/abdominal expansion; accelerometer; temperature) plus an on-garment electronic interface and wireless link, deriving ECG, heart rate, respiration, posture/activity, and temperature — i.e. a fully integrated textile-electrode wearable. Any claim reciting ‘an item of clothing with electrodes/sensors integrated into the fabric structure for physiological monitoring’ reads on Paradiso 2005. Anchor for the garment × textile-electrode cross-cut; the foundational EU project for the smart-shirt patent space (Hexoskin, Cityzen, etc. all build on this lineage).

Nike+iPod Sport Kit (2006) — instrumented-shoe accelerometer pod (2006-05-23)

id: nike-plus-ipod-sport-kit-2006
corpus: private
form factor: shoe
creator: Nike, Inc. / Apple Inc.
disclosure: Nike, Inc. and Apple Inc. ‘Nike+iPod Sport Kit’, announced 23 May 2006 — an accelerometer pod that sits in a cavity in a Nike+ running shoe and transmits pace, distance, and calories wirelessly to an iPod nano.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-step-count, algo-activity-classification, algo-calorie-estimation
prior art notes: Discloses an accelerometer module integrated into the structure of a running shoe that derives pace, distance, and calories and transmits them wirelessly to a paired device. Anticipates instrumented-footwear claims combining ‘an inertial sensor housed in a shoe’, ‘derivation of gait/running metrics’, and ‘wireless transmission to a companion device’ from 2006. Anchor for the shoe/insole × accelerometer cross-cut on the product side; predates the smart-insole patent wave.
Pokémon — ‘Pokétch’ wrist device with an app ecosystem (2006-09-28) — pokemon-poketch [fictional] — Pokémon Diamond and Pearl (Nintendo / Game Freak, 2006); the ‘Pokétch’ — a wrist-worn touchscreen device hosting an extensible set of small applications (clock, calculator, step counter, map, friendsh…
Continua Health Alliance — Design Guidelines (first edition, 2007) (2007)
id: continua-design-guidelines-2007
corpus: standards
form factor: other
creator: Continua Health Alliance
disclosure: Continua Health Alliance (later Personal Connected Health Alliance). ‘Continua Design Guidelines’ (first edition published 2007; subsequently maintained, ITU-T H.810 series). Specifies end-to-end interoperability for personal connected health devices, profiling IEEE 11073, Bluetooth, USB, ZigBee, HL7/IHE.
ip status: standards
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-ecg, sensor-glucose-cgm, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count, algo-glucose-cgm-readout
prior art notes: Publicly-published end-to-end interoperability framework for personal connected health devices — defining how a body-worn sensor (weight scale, blood-pressure cuff, glucose meter, pulse oximeter, activity monitor, ECG, etc.) connects to an application hub and onward to health-record systems, profiling the underlying transport and data standards. Prior art for connected-wearable-system claims reciting the architecture, the device-to-hub-to-record data flow, or the standard profiles assembled here, public from 2007.

Iron Man helmet HUD with biometric monitoring (2008-05-02)

id: iron-man-helmet-hud
corpus: fictional
form factor: helmet
creator: Marvel Studios
disclosure: Iron Man (Marvel Studios / Paramount), released May 2, 2008; the suit helmet’s interior HUD presenting wearer vitals, environmental/tactical data, and a conversational voice AI (JARVIS). (Armor concept originates Tales of Suspense #39, Marvel Comics, March 1963.)
ip status: fictional
sensors: sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-respiratory-rate
prior art notes: Discloses a helmet whose interior near-eye display continuously presents the wearer’s physiological state (HR, respiration, O2, fatigue) alongside environmental/tactical overlays, mediated by a hands-free conversational voice assistant. Relevant to helmet- and headgear-integrated biometric-monitoring claims combining ‘sensors disposed to contact the wearer’, ‘a head-mounted display presenting physiological metrics’, and ‘a voice interface’. § 103 motivation that the vitals-in-the-helmet-HUD concept was an articulated objective by 2008 (and the broader powered-helmet-display lineage by 1963).

Fitbit Tracker (2009) — clip-on accelerometer activity and sleep monitor (2009-10)

id: fitbit-tracker-2009
corpus: private
form factor: pendant
creator: Fitbit, Inc. (James Park, Eric Friedman)
disclosure: Fitbit, Inc. ‘Fitbit Tracker’, launched October 2009 — a clip-worn device with a 3-axis accelerometer estimating steps, distance, calories burned, active minutes, and sleep quality, syncing wirelessly to a web dashboard. (The wrist PPG heart-rate variant, Fitbit Charge HR, followed in January 2015.)
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-step-count, algo-calorie-estimation, algo-activity-classification, algo-sleep-staging
prior art notes: Discloses a small body-worn (clip) device with a 3-axis accelerometer that estimates step count, distance, calories, active minutes, and sleep quality on-device and syncs wirelessly to a cloud dashboard. Anticipates consumer-activity-tracker claims combining ‘a body-worn accelerometer’, ‘on-device estimation of steps/calories/activity/sleep’, and ‘wireless sync to a remote service’ from 2009. Anchor for the step-count and consumer-sleep-tracking cross-cuts on the product side.

Pantelopoulos & Bourbakis (2010) — survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis (2010-01)

id: pantelopoulos-bourbakis-2010-wearable-health-survey
corpus: academic
form factor: other
creator: Alexandros Pantelopoulos / Nikolaos G. Bourbakis
disclosure: Pantelopoulos A, Bourbakis NG. ‘A survey on wearable sensor-based systems for health monitoring and prognosis.’ IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews) 2010;40(1):1-12.
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-respiration-impedance
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-arrhythmia-classification, algo-spo2-estimation, algo-fall-detection, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Surveys, as of 2010, the architecture and components of wearable health-monitoring systems — sensors (ECG, PPG, SpO2, accelerometry, temperature, respiration), garment- and patch- and watch-based form factors, on-body processing, wireless body-area networking, and the analytics (arrhythmia, fall, activity, deterioration prediction). Prior art establishing that the general ‘multi-sensor wearable + body-area network + cloud analytics’ system architecture and its building blocks were collected and published by 2010 — useful against later claims to the bare system architecture. General anchor.

Ready Player One full-body haptic suit and visor (2011-08-16)

id: ready-player-one-haptic-suit
corpus: fictional
form factor: garment
creator: Ernest Cline
disclosure: Cline, Ernest. Ready Player One. Crown Publishers, 2011 — a head-mounted VR visor plus a full-body haptic-feedback suit (with haptic gloves and boots) that renders touch sensations across the wearer’s body and tracks body motion for immersive virtual presence.
ip status: fictional
sensors: sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope
prior art notes: Discloses an integrated VR rig: a near-eye display visor plus a full-body garment with distributed haptic actuators and distributed motion sensors, providing whole-body force/tactile feedback registered to a virtual environment and capturing the wearer’s posture and gestures. Relevant to haptic-garment claims combining ‘a body-worn garment’, ‘an array of haptic actuators at multiple body sites’, ‘motion sensors capturing body pose’, and ‘coupling to a head-mounted display’. § 103 motivation that the full-body haptic VR suit was an articulated objective by 2011.

Patel et al. (2012) — ‘A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation’ (2012-04-20)

id: patel-bonato-2012-wearable-sensors-rehab-review
corpus: academic
form factor: other
creator: Shyamal Patel / Hyung Park / Paolo Bonato et al.
disclosure: Patel S, Park H, Bonato P, Chan L, Rodgers M. ‘A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation.’ Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2012;9:21.
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope, sensor-emg, sensor-ecg, sensor-ppg, sensor-pressure-skin
algorithms: algo-gait-analysis, algo-activity-classification, algo-fall-detection, algo-tremor-detection, algo-bradykinesia-detection, algo-posture-detection
prior art notes: Reviews, as of 2012, wearable inertial/EMG/pressure sensor systems for movement and physiological monitoring in rehabilitation and chronic-disease management — gait analysis, activity and posture classification, fall detection, tremor and bradykinesia quantification (Parkinson’s), with the sensor placements (foot/insole, shank, thigh, trunk, wrist, forearm) and algorithms. Prior art for wearable movement-disorder and gait-monitoring claims reciting any of the placements/analytics surveyed; collected and published by 2012. General anchor for the gait / tremor / activity cross-cuts.

Hexoskin smart shirt (2014) — textile-integrated ECG, respiration and activity garment (2013)

id: hexoskin-smart-shirt-2014
corpus: private
form factor: garment
creator: Carre Technologies Inc.
disclosure: Carre Technologies Inc. (Hexoskin). ‘Hexoskin Smart Shirt’, introduced 2013 (consumer); a compression shirt with knitted dry textile electrodes for single-lead ECG, two-channel respiratory inductive plethysmography (thoracic + abdominal expansion), a 3-axis accelerometer, and a removable electronics pod, deriving HR, HRV, breathing rate/volume, cadence, steps, and sleep. (Used in NASA/CSA ‘Astroskin’ studies.)
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-respiration-impedance, sensor-piezoelectric, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-activity-classification, algo-sleep-staging
prior art notes: Discloses a consumer/research compression shirt with textile-integrated dry ECG electrodes, two-channel respiratory inductive plethysmography (thoracic + abdominal), an accelerometer, and a removable electronics pod, deriving HR, HRV, breathing rate and volume, activity, and sleep. A commercial realization of [[paradiso-2005-wealthy-knitted-smart-shirt]]; anticipates smart-shirt claims combining ‘textile-integrated ECG and respiration sensors’ and ‘a detachable electronics module’ from 2013. Product-side anchor for the garment × textile-electrode cross-cut.

Thalmic Labs Myo armband (2014) — consumer surface-EMG gesture-control armband (2013-02-25)

id: myo-armband-2014
corpus: private
form factor: armband
creator: Thalmic Labs Inc. (later North)
disclosure: Thalmic Labs Inc. ‘Myo gesture control armband’, announced February 2013, shipped 2014 — a forearm-worn band of eight medical-grade stainless-steel surface-EMG electrode segments plus a 9-axis IMU, recognizing hand and finger gestures from the forearm-muscle electrical activity and arm orientation/motion, and transmitting them over Bluetooth as input to computers/devices.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-emg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope, sensor-magnetometer
algorithms: algo-hand-gesture-emg, algo-keystroke-emg
prior art notes: Discloses a forearm-worn band with an array of eight surface-EMG electrodes plus a 9-axis IMU that recognizes hand/finger gestures from forearm-muscle EMG combined with arm motion/orientation and transmits them wirelessly as a control input. A consumer realization of the myoelectric pattern-recognition approach ([[englehart-hudgins-2003-myoelectric-control]]); anticipates EMG-gesture-armband claims combining ‘a band of surface-EMG electrodes worn around the forearm’, ‘an inertial sensor’, and ‘a classifier mapping the combined signal to a hand gesture / control command’ from 2014. Product-side anchor for the armband × EMG cross-cut (the only armband form-factor entry besides [[mass-effect-omni-tool]] and [[fallout-pip-boy]]).

Pacific Rim — Jaeger ‘Drivesuit’ and ‘Conn-Pod’ dual-pilot neural bridge (2013-07-12)

id: pacific-rim-drivesuit-and-conn-pod
corpus: fictional
form factor: garment
creator: Guillermo del Toro / Legendary Pictures
disclosure: Pacific Rim (Warner Bros. / Legendary), released 12 July 2013; pilots wear a ‘Drivesuit’ (a body suit capturing motion and monitoring vitals) and a ‘relay-gel’/spinal-clamp helmet that creates a shared neural bridge (‘the Drift’) between two co-pilots and the mecha.
ip status: fictional
sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-dry-eeg-electrode, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr
prior art notes: Discloses an instrumented pilot suit (motion capture + vital-sign monitoring) combined with head/spine-worn relays that establish a shared neural bridge between two operators and a controlled machine. Relevant to multi-operator neural-interface claims and to instrumented-bodysuit claims combining ‘a motion-capturing garment’, ‘vital-sign monitoring’, and ‘a head/spine neural relay linking multiple operators’. § 103 motivation as of 2013. Cf. [[nge-plug-suit-and-a10-clips]] (single-pilot), [[surrogates-neural-teleoperation-rig]].

The Circle — ‘SeeChange’ wearable cameras and employee health wristbands (2013-10-08)

id: the-circle-seechange-and-health-wristbands
corpus: fictional
form factor: bracelet
creator: Dave Eggers
disclosure: Eggers, Dave. The Circle. Alfred A. Knopf, 2013 (film adaptation 2017); ‘SeeChange’ miniature wearable/mountable cameras streaming continuously, and employee wristbands (worn in pairs on each wrist) that continuously monitor heart rate, activity, sleep, and other physiological data and upload it to the company.
ip status: fictional
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-camera-rgb
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count, algo-sleep-staging
prior art notes: Discloses (a) continuously-worn wristbands with PPG and motion sensing that stream heart rate, activity, and sleep data to an employer, and (b) tiny body-wearable always-streaming cameras. Relevant to workplace-wellness wearable claims combining ‘a wrist-worn PPG/motion sensor’, ‘continuous physiological streaming to a remote/employer system’, and to body-worn-camera streaming claims. § 103 motivation that the employer-monitored wrist wearable and the always-streaming wearable camera were articulated objectives by 2013.

Sensoria Smart Socks (2014) — pressure-sensing sock + electronic anklet for gait/running analysis (2014-01)

id: sensoria-smart-socks-2014
corpus: private
form factor: sock
creator: Sensoria Inc. (formerly Heapsylon)
disclosure: Sensoria Inc. ‘Sensoria Fitness Smart Socks’, announced January 2014 — running socks with three pressure-sensitive textile sensors woven into the sole (under the heel, ball of foot, and toes) and a magnetically-attached ‘Sensoria Core’ anklet (accelerometer + Bluetooth) that derives cadence, foot strike pattern (heel/mid/forefoot), foot landing zone, pace, distance, and provides real-time audio coaching.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-pressure-skin, sensor-piezoelectric, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-step-count, algo-gait-analysis, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a sock with multiple pressure-sensitive textile sensors woven into the sole, paired with a removable ankle-worn electronics module that derives cadence, foot-strike pattern, pressure distribution, and pace. Anticipates smart-sock/sole-pressure-sensing claims combining ‘a sock with one or more textile pressure sensors at multiple positions of the foot sole’ and ‘a paired electronics module deriving gait metrics’ from 2014. Product-side anchor for the sock form-factor cross-cut (the only sock entry); cf. [[nike-plus-ipod-sport-kit-2006]] (the earlier shoe/insole route).

Bragi Dash (2014) — the first true ‘hearable’: in-ear PPG heart rate, accelerometer, storage and touch control inside wireless earbuds (2014-02-25)

id: bragi-dash-2014
corpus: private
form factor: earbud
creator: Bragi GmbH
disclosure: Bragi GmbH. ‘The Dash’ wireless smart earphones, crowdfunded February 2014 (shipped 2016) — fully wireless in-ear earbuds with a reflectance-PPG heart-rate sensor and oxygen-saturation estimation against the ear-canal wall, a 3-axis accelerometer (head-gesture and step/activity tracking), 4 GB onboard music storage, bone-conduction microphone, and capacitive touch control.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-microphone-bone
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-spo2-estimation, algo-step-count, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses fully-wireless in-ear earbuds with a reflectance-PPG heart-rate and SpO2 sensor against the ear-canal wall, an accelerometer for head-gesture and step/activity tracking, onboard music storage, a bone-conduction microphone, and capacitive touch control — i.e. physiological sensing integrated into wireless earbuds. Anticipates hearable claims combining ‘a wireless earbud housing’, ‘an in-ear PPG/SpO2 sensor’, ‘an accelerometer for activity or head gesture’, and ‘on-device media and controls’ from 2014. Product-side anchor for the earbud × PPG cross-cut.

Inan et al. (2015) — ballistocardiography and seismocardiography review (2014-10-07)

id: inan-2015-bcg-scg-review
corpus: academic
form factor: other
creator: Omer T. Inan et al.
disclosure: Inan OT, Migeotte P-F, Park K-S, Etemadi M, Tavakolian K, Casanella R, Zanetti J, Tank J, Funtova I, Prisk GK, Di Rienzo M. ‘Ballistocardiography and seismocardiography: a review of recent advances.’ IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 2015;19(4):1414-1427.
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-accelerometer, sensor-piezoelectric
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-pwv-bp-estimation
prior art notes: Reviews ballistocardiography (whole-body reaction force from cardiac ejection, measured at the seat/scale/bed) and seismocardiography (local chest vibration from cardiac motion, measured by accelerometers on the sternum) and their integration into bathroom scales, weighing chairs, beds, and chest patches — i.e. the mechanical-cardiac-signal route to heart rate, HRV, and cardiac-timing-interval / stroke-volume estimation. Prior art for claims reciting ‘measuring cardiac activity from a body-worn or support-mounted accelerometer/force sensor’, as both the BCG and SCG approaches and their wearable instantiations were collected and reviewed by 2015. Anchor for the BCG/SCG cross-cut.

Microsoft Band (2014) — ten-sensor wristband (optical HR, GPS, GSR, UV, skin temp, barometer, ambient light, capacitive, microphone, IMU) (2014-10-30)

id: microsoft-band-2014
corpus: private
form factor: watch
creator: Microsoft Corp.
disclosure: Microsoft Corp. ‘Microsoft Band’, released 30 October 2014 — a wristband integrating ten sensors: an optical (PPG) heart-rate sensor, a 3-axis accelerometer/gyroscope, GPS, an ambient-light sensor, a skin-temperature sensor, a UV sensor, a capacitive (wear-detection) sensor, a galvanic-skin-response sensor, a microphone, and a barometer (added in Band 2).
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-uv, sensor-gsr, sensor-barometer, sensor-photodiode-ambient, sensor-microphone-air
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count, algo-calorie-estimation, algo-sleep-staging, algo-stress-index, algo-uv-dose-tracking
prior art notes: Discloses a single wristband integrating an unusually broad sensor suite — reflectance-PPG HR, IMU, GPS, skin temperature, UV exposure, galvanic skin response (electrodermal activity), barometer, ambient light, capacitive wear-detection, and a microphone — feeding HR, activity, sleep, UV dose, and stress-index estimations. Prior art for multi-sensor-wristband claims reciting combinations of these sensors (notably wrist GSR/EDA + PPG + skin temperature for stress) from October 2014. Product-side anchor for the multi-sensor wristband cross-cut.

WHOOP Strap (2015) — display-less wrist/bicep PPG band for continuous HR/HRV, sleep and recovery (2015)

id: whoop-strap-2015
corpus: private
form factor: bracelet
creator: WHOOP, Inc. (Will Ahmed)
disclosure: WHOOP, Inc. ‘WHOOP Strap’, launched 2015 — a screenless band worn on the wrist or upper arm with photoplethysmography, a 3-axis accelerometer, and skin-temperature sensing, providing continuous heart rate, heart-rate variability, respiratory rate, sleep staging, and a derived ‘recovery’ score, with no on-device display.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-skin-temperature
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-sleep-staging, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a display-less band worn on the wrist or upper arm with PPG, accelerometry, and skin-temperature sensing that continuously derives HR, HRV, respiratory rate, and sleep stages and combines them into a daily ‘recovery’ index, with no screen (companion-app readout). Anticipates screenless-band claims and PPG-derived-HRV/recovery-score claims from 2015. Product-side anchor for the bracelet × PPG cross-cut and the HRV cross-cut.

Fitbit Charge HR (2015) — wristband with continuous wrist-PPG heart rate (‘PurePulse’) (2015-01-06)

id: fitbit-charge-hr-2015
corpus: private
form factor: watch
creator: Fitbit, Inc.
disclosure: Fitbit, Inc. ‘Fitbit Charge HR’, announced January 2015 — a wristband with ‘PurePulse’ continuous optical (green-LED PPG) heart rate, a 3-axis accelerometer, steps/distance/floors/calories/active-minutes, automatic sleep tracking, and call/text notifications.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-barometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count, algo-calorie-estimation, algo-activity-classification, algo-sleep-staging
prior art notes: Discloses a wristband with continuous green-LED reflectance-PPG heart rate plus accelerometry and an altimeter, deriving HR, steps, floors, calories, and sleep, with phone notifications. A mainstream realization of [[mendelson-ochs-1988-reflectance-pulse-oximetry]]-geometry wrist PPG; anticipates wrist-PPG-HR-band claims from January 2015. Product-side anchor for the watch × PPG cross-cut alongside [[apple-watch-original-2015]].

Apple Watch (1st generation, 2015) — wrist green-PPG heart rate and activity (2015-04-24)

id: apple-watch-original-2015
corpus: private
form factor: watch
creator: Apple Inc.
disclosure: Apple Inc. ‘Apple Watch’, announced September 2014, available 24 April 2015 — a wrist-worn device with a green/infrared photoplethysmography heart-rate sensor against the dorsal wrist, accelerometer and gyroscope, and activity/exercise tracking.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-multi-wavelength-ppg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count, algo-calorie-estimation, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a wristworn device with a dorsal-wrist green-LED photoplethysmography heart-rate sensor (with IR for low-perfusion conditions), inertial sensors, and continuous HR/activity tracking. Anticipates wristworn-PPG-HR claims to the extent they postdate April 2015; combined with the much earlier PPG principle ([[hertzman-1937-photoplethysmography]]) and wrist form factor, the combination is in any case obvious under [[obviousness-template]]. Product-side anchor for the watch × PPG cross-cut.

Oura Ring (Gen 1, 2015) — finger-ring PPG, skin-temperature and accelerometer for HRV, sleep and body temperature (2015-08)

id: oura-ring-gen1-2015
corpus: private
form factor: ring
creator: Oura Health Oy
disclosure: Oura Health Oy. ‘Oura Ring’ (1st generation), crowdfunded 2015, shipped 2016 — a titanium finger ring with infrared photoplethysmography, an NTC skin-temperature sensor, and a 3-axis accelerometer, deriving resting heart rate, heart-rate variability, respiratory rate, sleep staging, and body-temperature trend.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-sleep-staging
prior art notes: Discloses a finger-ring wearable with infrared PPG, a skin-temperature sensor, and an accelerometer, deriving resting HR, HRV, respiratory rate, sleep stages, and a body-temperature trend, with companion-app readout. A commercial realization, ~12-16 years later, of the MIT ring-sensor concept ([[asada-mit-wearable-ring-sensor-2003]]); to the extent later claims recite ring-form PPG + skin-temperature + HRV/sleep, both Asada 2003 and Oura 2015 are prior art. Product-side anchor for the ring × PPG × HRV and ring × skin-temperature cross-cuts.

VitalConnect VitalPatch (2016) — adhesive chest patch with single-lead ECG and multi-parameter monitoring (2016)

id: vitalconnect-vitalpatch-2016
corpus: private
form factor: patch
creator: VitalConnect, Inc.
disclosure: VitalConnect, Inc. ‘VitalPatch’ biosensor, FDA-cleared as a single-use adhesive chest patch with single-lead ECG, heart rate, heart-rate variability, respiratory rate, skin temperature, posture, activity, and fall detection, streamed wirelessly to a smartphone/relay; 7-day wear (later 14-day variants).
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-skin-temperature
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-activity-classification, algo-posture-detection, algo-fall-detection, algo-arrhythmia-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a single-use adhesive chest patch deriving single-lead ECG, HR, HRV, respiratory rate, skin temperature, posture, activity, and falls in one body-worn unit, streamed wirelessly — i.e. a packed multi-parameter vital-signs patch. Anticipates multi-parameter ECG-patch claims combining any subset of those measurements in one adhesive form factor from 2016. Product-side anchor for the patch × multi-parameter-vitals cross-cut alongside [[fda-k113862-irhythm-zio-patch-2011]] (the AFib-focused variant).

Polar H10 (2017) — research-grade chest-strap ECG heart-rate sensor (2017-01)

id: polar-h10-chest-strap-2017
corpus: private
form factor: garment
creator: Polar Electro Oy
disclosure: Polar Electro Oy. ‘Polar H10’ chest heart-rate sensor, released 2017 — a chest strap with two dry electrodes deriving a single-lead ECG, computing R-R intervals and heart rate, with onboard 1-session memory, dual-broadcast (BLE + ANT+ + 5 kHz GymLink), an accelerometer (relative orientation), and well-documented R-R-interval accuracy (often used as a gold-standard reference for consumer wearables).
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-arrhythmia-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a chest strap with two dry electrodes deriving single-lead ECG, with on-strap R-R-interval computation, multi-protocol broadcast (BLE + ANT+ + the 5 kHz GymLink legacy band), and accelerometer-assisted noise rejection. Anticipates chest-strap-ECG claims combining ‘dry textile/elastic chest electrodes’, ‘on-strap derivation of R-R intervals and HR’, and ‘multi-protocol simultaneous wireless broadcast’ from 2017. Product-side anchor for the garment/patch × ECG strap cross-cut; refines [[polar-sport-tester-pe2000-1982]].

Stark ‘Iron Spider’ suit with mask HUD and AI (‘Karen’) (2017-07-07)

id: stark-iron-spider-suit
corpus: fictional
form factor: garment
creator: Marvel Studios / Sony Pictures
disclosure: Spider-Man: Homecoming (Marvel Studios / Sony), released July 7, 2017; the Stark-built suit with an in-mask heads-up display, an integrated conversational AI (‘Karen’), distributed suit sensors, environmental analysis, biometric monitoring of the wearer, a deployable drone, and configurable web-shooter telemetry.
ip status: fictional
sensors: sensor-camera-rgb, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-microphone-air
algorithms: algo-emotion-recognition
prior art notes: Discloses a smart full-body garment integrating: an in-mask near-eye HUD; a conversational AI assistant resident in the suit; distributed suit sensors and environmental analysis (object/person identification, threat assessment); biometric monitoring of the wearer (HR, respiration, stress); and reconfigurable actuator/output settings. Relevant to smart-garment and helmet-HUD claims combining ‘a body-worn garment with distributed sensors’, ‘a head-mounted display presenting environmental and physiological data’, ‘a voice AI’, and ‘wearer biometric monitoring’. § 103 motivation that the integrated sensing/HUD/AI body suit was an articulated objective by 2017.

FDA 510(k) K181861 (2018) — Empatica Embrace physiological-signal-based seizure monitoring system (2018)

id: fda-k181861-empatica-embrace-seizure-system-2018
corpus: regulatory
form factor: watch
creator: U.S. Food and Drug Administration (CDRH); submitter Empatica Inc.
disclosure: U.S. FDA, 510(k) Premarket Notification K181861 (Empatica Inc., ‘Embrace’ physiological-signal-based seizure monitoring system) — a wrist-worn device using accelerometry plus electrodermal activity to detect probable generalized tonic-clonic seizures and alert caregivers; reported as the first FDA-cleared smartwatch indicated for use in neurology (clearance announced February 2018). (Verify which Embrace generation K181861 maps to; the original clearance may carry a different K-number.)
ip status: regulatory-filing
sensors: sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gsr
algorithms: algo-seizure-detection
prior art notes: A public, dated FDA record of a wrist-worn device detecting probable generalized tonic-clonic seizures from combined accelerometry and electrodermal activity, with caregiver alerting — the non-EEG route to wearable seizure detection. Establishes the public availability of that device as of 2018; the 510(k) cites a predicate chain that is itself prior art. Prior art for wrist-based seizure-detection claims using motion + EDA; regulatory anchor pairing with [[empatica-embrace2-seizure-watch-2018]] (the EEG route is anchored separately by [[zanetti-aminifar-atienza-eglass-2025]] and [[chb-mit-scalp-eeg-database-2009]]).

Tap Strap (Tap Systems, 2018) — finger-mounted gesture and keyboard input device (2018)

id: tap-systems-tap-strap-2018
corpus: private
form factor: other
creator: Tap Systems Inc. (founder: Dovid Schick)
disclosure: Tap Systems Inc. (founded 2014, Sherman Oaks, CA). ‘Tap Strap’ wearable input device, shipped 2018 — five finger-loops connected by a flexible band across the back of the hand, with accelerometers on each finger detecting tapping and gesture; mapped onto a virtual keyboard, mouse, and gesture commands via BLE. Successor ‘Tap Strap 2’ (2019) and ‘TapXR’ (a wrist version, 2023). https://www.tapwithus.com
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hand-gesture-emg
prior art notes: Discloses a hand-worn device of multiple finger-loops linked by a back-of-hand band, with motion sensors on each finger detecting per-finger tap and swipe events and mapping them via BLE to a virtual keyboard / mouse / gesture protocol — wearable per-finger gesture input by motion sensing alone (no EMG). Directly relevant prior art for any finger/hand gesture-input wearable, including [[ctrl-labs-meta-wrist-emg-2018]] (EMG route), [[myo-armband-2014]] (forearm-EMG route), and ring-form gesture input devices. Anticipates per-finger-motion-sensor gesture-recognition wearable claims from 2018.

Empatica Embrace2 (2018) — first FDA-cleared seizure-monitoring smartwatch (accelerometer + electrodermal activity) (2018-01-31)

id: empatica-embrace2-seizure-watch-2018
corpus: private
form factor: watch
creator: Empatica Inc. (Rosalind Picard, Matteo Lai, et al.)
disclosure: Empatica Inc. ‘Embrace2’ smartwatch, FDA-cleared January 2018 — a wrist-worn device with a 3-axis accelerometer/gyroscope, an electrodermal-activity (EDA) sensor, and a peripheral skin-temperature sensor, running an on-device classifier that detects probable generalized tonic-clonic seizures from the combined motion + EDA signature and alerts caregivers; the first FDA-cleared smartwatch for seizure monitoring. (Descends from the MIT Media Lab ‘iCalm’/’Q sensor’ EDA wristband research, Picard et al.)
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope, sensor-gsr, sensor-skin-temperature
algorithms: algo-seizure-detection, algo-stress-index, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a wristworn device that detects probable generalized tonic-clonic seizures by combining a motion (accelerometer/gyroscope) signature with an electrodermal-activity (sympathetic-surge) signature in an on-device classifier, and alerts caregivers — i.e. multimodal wrist-based seizure detection, distinct from the EEG-based approach. Anticipates wrist-seizure-detection claims combining ‘a wrist-worn accelerometer and an electrodermal-activity sensor’ and ‘a classifier flagging a seizure from their combined signal’ from 2018. Product-side anchor for the wrist × seizure-detection cross-cut; complementary to the EEG route in [[zanetti-aminifar-atienza-eglass-2025]] and [[chb-mit-scalp-eeg-database-2009]].

Pine64 PineTime (2018-2020) — low-cost open-source smartwatch (2018-09)

id: pine64-pinetime-2020
corpus: open
form factor: watch
creator: Pine Store Ltd. (Pine64)
disclosure: Pine64. ‘PineTime’ open-source smartwatch — first announced September 2018, dev-kit shipping early 2020, sealed units (~US$30) shipping from late 2020. Hardware: Nordic nRF52832 (ARM Cortex-M4), heart-rate monitor, 3-axis accelerometer, touchscreen, BLE. Open firmware: ‘InfiniTime’ (C++/FreeRTOS) at github.com/InfiniTimeOrg/InfiniTime; ‘Wasp-OS’ (Python/MicroPython) at github.com/daniel-thompson/wasp-os. Hardware schematics at wiki.pine64.org/wiki/PineTime. https://pine64.com/product/pinetime-smartwatch-sealed/
ip status: open-permissive
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count
prior art notes: Discloses a low-cost (US$30) wrist-worn smartwatch with PPG-HR sensor, accelerometer, touchscreen, BLE, and fully open-source firmware (InfiniTime in C++/FreeRTOS, or Wasp-OS in Python/MicroPython on the same hardware) and published hardware schematics. Establishes (since 2018-2020) that the basic smartwatch architecture — MCU + PPG + accel + display + BLE + open firmware — is unencumbered open-hardware prior art. Distinct from [[healthypi-move-2026]] in being earlier and simpler; together they establish open-watch prior art across a >5-year span.

Omron HeartGuide (2019) — wristwatch with an inflatable oscillometric blood-pressure cuff in the band (2019-01-08)

id: omron-heartguide-2019
corpus: private
form factor: watch
creator: Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd.
disclosure: Omron Healthcare. ‘HeartGuide’ (model BP8000-M), announced January 2019, FDA-cleared — a wristwatch whose band contains an inflatable cuff and an oscillometric pressure transducer, taking a clinically-validated brachial-style blood-pressure measurement at the wrist on demand, alongside heart rate, steps, and sleep.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-pressure-skin, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-ppg
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count, algo-sleep-staging
prior art notes: Discloses a wristwatch whose strap incorporates an inflatable cuff and pressure transducer, performing an oscillometric blood-pressure measurement at the wrist (occlude-and-release, automatically positioned at heart level by the wearer) in a watch form factor, plus activity and sleep tracking. Distinct from cuffless-PPG approaches: it is a true oscillometric cuff miniaturized into a watch band. Anticipates watch-with-integrated-inflatable-cuff BP claims from 2019. Product-side anchor for the watch × oscillometric-BP cross-cut (vs. the cuffless-PPG variant in [[samsung-galaxy-watch-bp-ecg-2020]] and [[aktiia-bracelet-cuffless-bp-2021]]).

BioIntelliSense BioSticker (2019) — long-wear adhesive chest patch with extensive multi-parameter monitoring (2019-12)

id: biointellisense-biosticker-2019
corpus: private
form factor: patch
creator: BioIntelliSense, Inc.
disclosure: BioIntelliSense, Inc. ‘BioSticker’ single-use adhesive medical-grade biosensor, FDA-cleared 2019 — a chest patch with up to 30-day wear continuously measuring skin temperature, single-lead ECG-derived heart rate at rest, respiratory rate at rest, body position, activity (steps, cadence, gait), sleep, cough, vomiting events, and falls, with wireless upload.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-microphone-air
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-activity-classification, algo-posture-detection, algo-fall-detection, algo-cough-detection, algo-gait-analysis, algo-sleep-staging
prior art notes: Discloses a single-use 30-day adhesive chest patch combining skin temperature, resting HR-from-ECG, resting RR, posture/activity, sleep, cough and vomiting event detection, and falls — i.e. an unusually broad multi-parameter long-wear patch with explicit event-detection (cough, vomit) classifiers. Anticipates long-wear multi-parameter patch claims from 2019, including the event-detection (cough/vomit) elements that some later patents recite. Product-side anchor for the patch × long-wear multi-parameter cross-cut.

Withings ScanWatch (2020) — hybrid analog watch with PPG, SpO2 pulse oximetry, single-lead ECG, and accelerometer (2020-01-05)

id: withings-scanwatch-2020
corpus: private
form factor: watch
creator: Withings SA
disclosure: Withings (Nokia/Withings). ‘ScanWatch’, announced January 2020 (CE-marked 2020; FDA cleared 2022) — a hybrid analog wristwatch integrating a reflectance-PPG sensor (heart rate, irregular-rhythm screening), an SpO2 (pulse-oximetry) measurement, a single-lead ECG (back electrode plus a bezel electrode touched by the opposite hand, with AF detection), a 3-axis accelerometer, and an altimeter — with sleep and activity tracking.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-ecg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-barometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-spo2-estimation, algo-afib-detection, algo-arrhythmia-classification, algo-sleep-staging, algo-step-count, algo-respiratory-rate
prior art notes: Discloses a wristwatch combining reflectance-PPG heart rate, pulse-oximetry SpO2, a single-lead ECG with AF detection, accelerometry, and an altimeter, with sleep-apnea screening (from the SpO2/respiration signals) — multiple regulated cardiorespiratory measurements in one consumer watch. Anticipates multi-modal medical-smartwatch claims reciting combinations of wrist PPG-HR + wrist SpO2 + single-lead ECG from 2020. Product-side anchor for the watch × {PPG, SpO2, ECG} multi-sensor cross-cut.

Bangle.js 2 (Espruino, 2021) — open JavaScript-app smartwatch validated in academic research (2021)

id: bangle-js-2-2021
corpus: open
form factor: watch
creator: Pur3 Ltd. (Gordon Williams, Espruino)
disclosure: Espruino / Pur3 Ltd. ‘Bangle.js 2’, released 2021 — Nordic nRF52840 (ARM Cortex-M4), GPS, heart rate, 3-axis accelerometer, magnetometer, pressure sensor; 4-week battery life; JavaScript app development with web-based app loader. https://banglejs.com . Validated for step counting and heart-rate measurement in academic research (multi-subject MDPI study).
ip status: open-permissive
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-magnetometer, sensor-barometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-step-count, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses an open-hardware smartwatch with PPG + IMU + magnetometer + barometer + GPS, web-loaded JavaScript apps, and 4-week battery life — validated against reference devices in peer-reviewed studies for step counting and HR. As open-source hardware released in 2021 it is unencumbered prior art against patents reciting the open-firmware-platform smartwatch with this sensor set.

Open-Watch (Salar Motlaqolahi, 2021) — fully documented open STM32 smartwatch (BSc thesis) (2021)

id: smotlaq-open-watch-2021
corpus: open
form factor: watch
creator: Salar Motlaqolahi
disclosure: Motlaqolahi S. ‘Open-Watch’ — fully open-source smartwatch released as BSc thesis output (MIT license). Hardware: STM32 ARM Cortex-M MCU, MPU6050 6-axis IMU, MAX30102 reflectance PPG + SpO2, 4-layer PCB sponsored by PCBWay, full schematics + Gerbers + firmware published. https://github.com/SMotlaq/open-watch
ip status: open-permissive
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-spo2-estimation, algo-step-count
prior art notes: Discloses, as an MIT-licensed open-hardware smartwatch with full PCB design files (4-layer, PCBWay-sponsored fabrication) and firmware published, a wrist-worn device with reflectance PPG + SpO2 + 6-axis IMU + MCU + display. Demonstrates that the entire smartwatch design — schematic, layout, firmware — can be reproduced from undergraduate-thesis-level public work, defeating any claim that the integrated smartwatch is novel as a combination.

Aktiia bracelet (2021) — optical-PPG-based continuous cuffless blood-pressure monitoring bracelet (2021-01)

id: aktiia-bracelet-cuffless-bp-2021
corpus: private
form factor: bracelet
creator: Aktiia SA
disclosure: Aktiia SA. ‘Aktiia bracelet’ (later ‘Hilo’), CE-marked and launched in Europe January 2021 — a slim wristband with optical photoplethysmography that, after a one-time initialization against a conventional cuff (and periodic re-calibration), estimates systolic and diastolic blood pressure several times a day automatically, day and night, from the wrist PPG pulse waveform.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-cuffless-bp-ptt, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-pwv-bp-estimation, algo-hr
prior art notes: Discloses a slim wristband that, after a one-time cuff initialization (and periodic re-calibration), automatically estimates systolic and diastolic blood pressure multiple times per day and night purely from the wrist optical-PPG pulse waveform — i.e. continuous, fully cuffless, calibration-initialized wrist BP monitoring. Anticipates continuous-cuffless-wrist-BP claims from 2021; the PPG-pulse-feature-to-BP mapping rests on the much older PTT/PWV-BP and pulse-contour literature ([[geddes-1981-pulse-transit-time-bp]], [[mukkamala-2015-ptt-cuffless-bp-review]]). Product-side anchor for the bracelet × cuffless-BP cross-cut.

Masimo W1 (2022) — first FDA-cleared continuous wrist medical-grade pulse oximetry watch (2022-05)

id: masimo-w1-2022
corpus: private
form factor: watch
creator: Masimo Corp.
disclosure: Masimo Corp. ‘Masimo W1’ health-tracking watch, announced May 2022 — a wrist-worn device performing continuous medical-grade pulse oximetry (SpO2), pulse rate, perfusion index (PI), pleth variability index (PVi), respiratory rate from the PPG, and HRV, using Masimo’s SET/rainbow signal-extraction algorithms. (FDA cleared as a continuous-monitoring medical device.)
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-multi-wavelength-ppg, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-spo2-estimation, algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-respiratory-rate
prior art notes: Discloses a wrist-worn device performing continuous medical-grade pulse oximetry — SpO2, PR, perfusion index, PVi, RR-from-PPG, HRV — using established signal-extraction methods, distinguished from consumer spot-check SpO2 by continuous operation and clearance for medical use. Anticipates wrist-continuous-medical-SpO2 claims from 2022; the underlying two-wavelength SpO2 method is much older ([[aoyagi-1974-two-wavelength-pulse-oximetry]], [[mendelson-ochs-1988-reflectance-pulse-oximetry]], [[iso-80601-2-61-pulse-oximeter-equipment-2011]]). Product-side anchor for the watch × continuous-SpO2 cross-cut.

Mojo Vision Mojo Lens (2022) — wearable AR contact lens with embedded microLED display (2022-06)

id: mojo-vision-ar-contact-lens-2022
corpus: private
form factor: contact-lens
creator: Mojo Vision, Inc.
disclosure: Mojo Vision, Inc. ‘Mojo Lens’, publicly demonstrated June 2022 — a scleral contact lens with an embedded ~14k-PPI microLED display in the wearer’s central field of view, an ARM Cortex processor, eye-tracking via motion sensors, a magnetometer for gaze direction, a microwave radio for offload, and a wirelessly charged battery; rendering an AR information overlay on the cornea. (The consumer AR-glucose pivot followed; production halted c. 2023.)
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope, sensor-magnetometer
algorithms: algo-eye-gaze-tracking
prior art notes: Discloses a contact lens with an embedded microLED display in the central visual field, on-lens processing, gaze tracking via inertial/magnetic sensors, wireless RF link, and a wirelessly charged on-lens battery — i.e. an AR display contact lens worn on the cornea. Anticipates AR-contact-lens claims combining ‘a contact lens’, ‘an embedded near-eye microdisplay’, ‘on-lens processing and motion sensors for gaze’, and ‘a wireless link’ from 2022. Product-side anchor for the contact-lens × visual-display cross-cut; cf. [[rainbows-end-ar-contact-lens]] (the 2006 fictional anticipation).

Ultrahuman Ring AIR (2023) — smart ring with metabolic-focus tracking (PPG, skin temperature, IMU) (2023)

id: ultrahuman-ring-air-2023
corpus: private
form factor: ring
creator: Ultrahuman Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.
disclosure: Ultrahuman Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. ‘Ultrahuman Ring AIR’, launched 2023 — a titanium smart ring with infrared photoplethysmography, IR skin-temperature, and a 6-axis IMU, deriving HR, HRV, skin temperature, sleep staging, activity, and metabolic-health framing (paired with the company’s CGM-based metabolism platform).
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-sleep-staging, algo-respiratory-rate
prior art notes: Discloses a smart ring with IR PPG, skin-temperature, and a 6-axis IMU, deriving HR/HRV, sleep, and activity, packaged with a metabolic-health platform (CGM-linked). Product-side reference in the ring × PPG cross-cut alongside [[oura-ring-gen1-2015]] and [[samsung-galaxy-ring-2024]].

HealthyPi Move (ProtoCentral, 2026) — open-source medical-grade smartwatch (2024)

id: healthypi-move-2026
corpus: open
form factor: watch
creator: ProtoCentral Electronics
disclosure: ProtoCentral Electronics (Bengaluru, India). ‘HealthyPi Move’ fully open-source AMOLED smartwatch — Crowd Supply campaign launched 2024, units shipping 15 May 2026. Sensors: single-lead ECG, dual-site PPG (wrist + finger), SpO2, blood-pressure trending, EDA/GSR, heart rate, HRV, respiration rate (derived), body temperature, 6-axis IMU. Compute: Nordic nRF5340 (dual ARM Cortex-M33). Display: AMOLED, 300 mAh battery. Companion app: Flutter, runs on Android/iOS/macOS/Windows/Linux, all data stored locally. Hardware design, firmware (Zephyr RTOS on nRF Connect SDK), and companion app all open-source. https://www.crowdsupply.com/protocentral/healthypi-move
ip status: open-permissive
sensors: sensor-ecg, sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-multi-wavelength-ppg, sensor-gsr, sensor-accelerometer, sensor-gyroscope, sensor-skin-temperature
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-spo2-estimation, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-pwv-bp-estimation, algo-sleep-staging, algo-activity-classification, algo-step-count
prior art notes: Discloses, as fully open-source hardware and firmware (CC and MIT-style licensing across components), a wrist-worn smartwatch with the full consumer-medical sensor stack: single-lead ECG between back-of-watch electrode and a finger-touch electrode; multi-wavelength reflectance PPG with SpO2 and BP-trending; EDA/GSR; skin temperature; 6-axis IMU; on-device Zephyr-RTOS application; AMOLED display; all-local data storage via cross-platform Flutter app. Anticipates wrist-multi-sensor-watch claims from 2024-2026 to the extent they recite combinations of these elements; as open prior art it is unencumbered and any patent claim reciting these combinations must distinguish over HealthyPi Move’s specific implementation. The product-side anchor for the ‘open watch with the full sensor stack’ cross-cut.

H-Watch (Magno et al., 2024) — open-source ARM Cortex-M4F + ML + NB-IoT + energy-harvesting research smartwatch (2024)

id: h-watch-magno-2024
corpus: academic
form factor: watch
creator: Michele Magno et al. (ETH Zürich and collaborators)
disclosure: Magno M, et al. ‘H-Watch: A Multi-Sensor Smart Wearable for COVID-19 Symptom Monitoring with ML and Energy Harvesting.’ arXiv:2407.21501 (2024). Fully open-source smartwatch hardware + firmware for symptom monitoring: ARM Cortex-M4F MCU, on-device ML inference, NB-IoT cellular connectivity, integrated energy harvesting + battery. https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21501
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-spo2, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-spo2-estimation, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-activity-classification
prior art notes: Discloses a fully open-source research smartwatch combining multi-sensor vitals (PPG/SpO2/temperature/IMU), on-device ML inference, NB-IoT direct cellular connectivity (no phone required), and integrated energy harvesting to extend battery life — published with full hardware design and firmware. Prior art for symptom-monitoring smartwatch claims reciting any of those elements from 2024. Establishes that the cellular-connected open-hardware ML-enabled smartwatch is a published research design.

CogWatch (HardwareX, 2024) — open-source smartwatch for cognitive-load monitoring (2024)

id: cogwatch-2024-hardwarex
corpus: academic
form factor: watch
creator: (See HardwareX publication for full author list.)
disclosure: ‘CogWatch: An open-source smartwatch platform for cognitive-load monitoring.’ HardwareX 19 (2024). Open-source smartwatch design — full hardware, firmware, and assembly documentation published in the open-hardware-focused journal HardwareX (Elsevier). https://www.hardware-x.com/article/S2468-0672(24)00032-4/fulltext
ip status: public-domain
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-gsr, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-stress-index, algo-cognitive-workload
prior art notes: Discloses, as open-hardware (HardwareX is the canonical venue for full publication of open-hardware designs), a wrist-worn smartwatch instrumented for cognitive-load monitoring from PPG-derived HRV and EDA/GSR. Prior art for smartwatch-cognitive-load claims combining ‘a wrist-worn device’, ‘PPG and EDA sensors’, and ‘a derived cognitive-load metric’ from 2024.

Samsung Galaxy Ring (2024) — smart ring with PPG, skin temperature and accelerometer for HR/HRV, sleep and cycle tracking (2024-07-10)

id: samsung-galaxy-ring-2024
corpus: private
form factor: ring
creator: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
disclosure: Samsung Electronics. ‘Samsung Galaxy Ring’, announced July 2024 — a finger ring with infrared photoplethysmography, an IR skin-temperature sensor, and a 3-axis accelerometer, deriving heart rate, heart-rate variability, skin temperature, sleep staging, activity, snore detection, and (with cycle-tracking) menstrual-cycle predictions.
ip status: patented
sensors: sensor-ppg, sensor-skin-temperature, sensor-accelerometer
algorithms: algo-hr, algo-hrv, algo-respiratory-rate, algo-sleep-staging, algo-snore-detection, algo-step-count
prior art notes: Discloses a smart ring with infrared PPG, IR skin-temperature, and accelerometer, deriving HR/HRV, sleep, snore detection, activity, and menstrual-cycle prediction — a Samsung entry directly in the wake of [[oura-ring-gen1-2015]] and the [[asada-mit-wearable-ring-sensor-2003]] academic root. Product-side reference in the ring × PPG × HRV cross-cut alongside Oura.

Cross-cut: sensor-accelerometer